海上保险讲义-part3-20100927.pptVIP

水险又可进一步分为： 1、传统风险，包括海上灾害、火灾、盗窃、抛弃货物（SG保单承保风险）及后增加的风险，如同陆上运输工具、码头、港口设备或装置接触、地震、火山爆发及闪电、装卸货物、燃料过程中发生的事故等； 2、额外或特别风险，此类风险由“殷其玛瑞”条款承保； 3、碰撞责任 引自Susan Hodges Law of Marine Insurance chap 9 2、搁浅、碰撞、触碰或其他海上灾害 （perils of the seas） 该危险在船舶和货物保险条款中均为承保危险。其在船舶保险条款中为列明风险，但在货运险条款中，未作为一类列明风险单独出现，尤其在非一切险下。 英国法中，perils of the seas含义与海上货物运输法中同名用语含义相同（比较CMC第51条（二）海上或者其他可航水域的危险） 根据以上条款，可知雨淋导致货物湿损不受ICC（B）、（C）条款承保，但应由ICC（A）条款承保。PICC条款应可由恶劣气候承保。 如果损害发生时天气为后两种类型，则损害为海上灾害几乎是不可能的；在此情况下，其他原因，如不适航，自然损耗，或被保险人故意行为更加可能是损害的原因。 异常恶劣的天气和不良天气区别在于，前者属被保险人无法合理预见的，而后者的恶劣或不良是被保险人可以预见得到的。 案例：某船卸货后进干船坞，船坞中只有2、3英尺深的水，该船被飓风吹倒受损，法院判不是海上灾害造成，因当时船并不在海上漂浮。 注意：本案船舶损失被保险人根据PICC自然灾害这一承保危险应能够得到赔偿。 Presumption of loss by an unascertainable peril of the sea When a claimant is unable to present direct evidence showing the precise nature or event of the cause of a loss, such as in the case of a missing ship or when the loss is inexplicable, he may seek the assistance of the court with the request that a presumption of a loss by an unascertainable peril of the seas be drawn in his favour. This plea, if granted, will allow the claimant to present his evidence by way of inference to signify the cause or reason for that loss. But, before a presumption of loss by an unascertainable peril of the sea is allowed, the court has to be satisfied that certain condition are fulfilled, namely, that the ship was seaworthy when she set sail, and that an uninsured peril did not cause the loss. The purpose of this is to eliminate from the inquiry causes of loss, including unseaworthiness, that are not covered by the policy. It will facilitate the court to make the deduction that, as causes of loss which are not insured have been discounted, the loss must have been caused by an unascertainable peril of the seas. Susan Hodges Cases and materials on marine insurance law Chapter 11 From The Popi M and The Marel, it is clear that an assured cannot prove a fortuious sinking purely by eliminating the possibility of loss by delibe