逻辑思考训练(结构化的思考方法Structured Thinking).ppt

* 20 * * 8 * 9 * 10 * * 15 * 16 * 17 * 18 * 4 * 22 * 23 * 24 * 25 Example:Scheduling a Meeting Points as they occur to writer John Collins telephoned to say that he can’t make the meeting at 3:00. Hal Johnson says he doesn’t mind making it later, or even tomorrow, but not before 10:30, and Don Clifford’s secretary says that Clifford won’t return from Frankfurt until tomorrow, late. The Conference Room is booked tomorrow, but free Thursday. Thursday at 11:00 looks to be a good time. Is that ok for you? Points ordered by a pyramid Could we reschedule today’s meeting to Thursday at 11:00? This would be more convenient for Collins and Johnson, and would also permit Clifford to be present. It is also the other time this week that the conference room is free. In an inductive argument, the author needs to explicitly order the components of the argument There are three ordering principles Chronologically Structurally Comparatively Example: Create smaller, more skilled work forces Deploy the work forces to accommodate work availability Ensure delivery of relevant information on work availability to the sites Eliminate wasted effort in on-site activities Several causes of one effect are ordered chronologically Chronological Order Effect Cause 3 Cause 2 Cause 1 What would I do first, what would I do second,… In a structural relationship one bigger piece is broken down into all its components Structural Order Components of a structural argument need to be Mutually exclusive (no overlap) Collectively exhaustive (nothing missing – include “other” category if unsure XYZ Company Division C Division B Division A Ranking order is used to classify the relationship between like things Comparative Order Identify a common characteristic (e.g., problems that endanger the existence of the organisation) Order according to decreasing content of that characteristic The Universe of problems All other problems These three Problems Dealing with alternatives - Alternatives generally go