英语词汇学总结.docx

Chapter 3Word Formation I词语结构13.1 Morphemes词素1. the morpheme is ‘ the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’词素是“词语中最小的功能单位”。Suffix： -ation： -tion, -sion, -ion. 后缀：ation 的多变体，当它们有同样的意义和语法功能时它们属于同一个后缀Owing to different sound environment 因为存在不同的发生环境。3.2 Allomorphs （语素变体）同质异晶，同质异象变体1.Morphemes are abstract units.‘They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning’语素是抽象的单位,它们实际上是能发音的最小的意义载体.The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone:语素是一个音素发音的形素①single morphs单一语素词： bird, tree, green, sad, want, desire, Most morphemes are realized by single morphs,Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.大多数语素通过单个的形素实现，语素与词相同叫做单一语素词.These morphemes coincide withe words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence.Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words. 这些语素与词相同，由于它们能代表含义而且能够在句子中自由起作用。这种词叫做单一语素词②The plural morpheme复数语素： {-s} /s / after the sounds/t, p, k/ packs, cheats, shapes /-z/ after /d, b, g, l/ beds, bottles, fads /iz/ after/s, z, ?, ?, t?, d?/classes, dishes, garages, damagesSome morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. 一些语素被按照形素在其中排列而认识，那些替换的形素被称为”语素变体”。Allomorphs as such do not occur at random, but are phonetically conditioned and thus predictable.语素变体不是随机发生的，是语音条件下可以预测的③ zero morph零形素：deer -deer, fish-fish（There are cases where the allomorphs of the plural morpheme are unusual. It can be realized by the change of an internal vowel 某种情况是复数词素的变体不常见。他可以通过内部元音的变化来认知）④ the past tense过去式{-ed}：1） /t/ after a verb ending with /p, k/ worked, helped 2） /d/ after vowels and sounds like /m, n, ?, l/ tried, warmed, lived , enabled 3） /id/ after /t, d/ wanted, landedaffixational morphemes附加语素This prefix : depending on the first sound of the stem to which the prefix is added.全看前缀添加所在的首音1) /im/ as improper, immovable, imbalance (If the first sound is /p,b,m/）2) /ir/ as