词汇学构词法Word FORMATION.doc

Chapter4 Word information IIThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. There is a variety of means being at work now.The most productive are ：affixation, compounding and conversion词缀法、复合法和转类法And there are minor processes of word formation几个次要构词方法： blending, clipping, acronymy, back-formation and words from proper name4.1Affixation词缀法4.1.1Prefixation前缀法Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. 前缀法是在词干上加前缀构词的一种方法。We shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups我们可从语义的角度把前缀分为九类。1.“negative” prefixes表示否定意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesa- not,the converse of amoral, apoliticaldis- disloyal, disobeyin- injusticeil- illegalir- irresistibleim- immaturenon- non-smoker, non-classicalun- unfair, unwilling2.“reversative or privative”(“非”﹑“缺”) prefixes表示逆向意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesde- reversing the actiondecentralize, de-composedis- disunite, disallowun- unhorse, unwrap3.“pejorative” prefixes（贬损）表示贬义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesmal- wrongly maltreat, malpracticemis- bad misconduct, mistrustpseudo- false pseudo-science4.Prefixes of size or degree表示程度、大小等意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesarch- supreme archbishopextra- superior extra-stronghyper- extreme hyperactivemacro- large macrocosmmicro- small microcomputermini- little mini-electionout- surpassing outliveover- excessive overweightsub- below subheadingsuper- more thansuperfreezesur- over surtaxultra- extreme ultra-conservativeunder- too little underdeveloped　　5.Prefixes of orientation and attitude表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀 prefixes meaning examplesanti- against anti-nuclear, anti-government, anti-clockwisecontra- against contraflowcounter- against counterattackpro- for pro-student, pro-democracyco- with cooperate 6.locative prefixes表示方位意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesextra- out extraordinary, extramaritalfore- front forehead, forearminter- between,among inter-city, interpersonal, internationalintra- insid