考研语言学 第八章笔记.docVIP

笔记 Pragmatics: It is the study of language in use, focusing on the study of speakers meaning, utterance meaning or contextual meaning. * pragmatics and semantics区别 Pragmatics interpretation depends more on who the speaker of the sentence is, who the hearer is, when and where it is used.= it depends more on the context. It takes context into consideration while semantics concentrates on the study of literal meaning without context. It can also be defined as the study of language in use. Pragmatics and semantics 联系 Semantics: studies the side more closely related to the words used, the more constant, inherent side of meaning. Pragmatics: studies the side more closely related to the context, the more indetermined side, or something extra. Speech Act Theory Performatives施为句 and constatives叙事句 Performatives: the statements which are used to do something. They do not describe a fact and they are not verifiable. (宣布，命名，许诺，打赌） I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth I bequeath this watch to my brother. I promise to finish it in time. I find you guilty. You did it. Thank you. I order you to turn right. People are warned to keep off the grass. I state that I am alone responsible. I declare the meeting open. Constatives: the statements are used to state/describe a fact. They are verifiable. First i open the door then i sit next to the door. Though performatives cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate.----Austin, Felicity Conditions There must be a relevant conventional procedure. The relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely. The relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified. 因为适合条件不够完善，只能使用于部分情况，所以Austin放弃了他最初对叙事句和施为句的区分，建立了另外一套模式来解释如何通过语言事实行为。该理论即： A Theory of the Illocutionary Act. 行事行为理论。 1. A Locutionary Act: 发话行为-纯字面意义，通过发音句法完成 It is the one of utte