Unit 4新编英语教程(上外).doc

Unit 4 Language Structures 虚拟语气 subjunctive mood must， could， should，would， might 这几个情态动词都可以用来表示对现在或者对过去的推测。 但他们表示的意思是有区别的，一般情况下不可以交换使用。 1. would 是最普通的陈述语气，如果你是客观的叙述一件事情，就可选择这个词。 它的使用在条件句中很常见。如， If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work. 2. should have done 和ought to have done都表示“过去本应该做某事却未做”。其否定结构 分别为shouldn’t have done 和oughtn’t to have done，都表示 “过去本不该做某事却做了。” ①ought to 强调客观性，should强调主观性； ②should作情态动词，三种人称，单、复数通用。ought to无时态和人称变化，只有ought to一种形式，后面须跟动词不定式，表示“有义务或责任”做某事，语气比should强，也可表示“劝告”。 ③ should表示“劝告”、“建议”、“应当”，ought to表示“有义务”或“必要”做某事 3. need have done 表示“过去本有必要做某事却未做。”其否定结构 needn’t have done 表示 “过去本没必要做某事却做了。” 4. may/might have done 表示“过去本可以做某事却未做。” 注意：其否定形式 might not have done 没有虚拟语气的用法，might not have done 只能表推测，相当于 may not have done，意为：“过去可能没有做某事。” 5. can/could have done 表示“过去本能够做某事却未做。”注意：其否定形式 couldn’t have done 没有虚拟语气的用法，couldn’t have done 只能表推测，相当于 can’t have done，意为：“过去不可能做了某事。” 6.must have done表示对过去某事的肯定猜测，译为：过去肯定做了某事。不存在 mustnt have done 的形式。其否定或疑问形式须用 can(could) 来表示 Language structures: 1. I would have liked to sign up, but I sprained my ankle. 2. She should/ought to have had more oral practice during the term. 3. She needn’t have learned all the dialogues by heart. 4. He may/might have gone without you. 5. She can’t/couldn’t have gone to the library. 6. She must have gone to the language lab. 7. You may/might as well use my bike. Practice: 8. sign up for the sports meeting 9. get nervous easily on the stage 10. obligation 11. in great detail 12. all through the term 13. as a matter of fact, she needn’t have done that. 14. whereabouts. 15. gym 16. a pile of handouts 17. in that case 18. it looks like rain. 19. take the underground 20. I must be off. Dialogue I New words and expressions 1. dense: a. difficult to see through; closely packed or crowded together; slow to understand; stupid. e.g. ---There will be dense fog in northern parts of the country tomorrow. ---A dense crowd waited for the arrival of the president. ---He is s