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* * Attenuation Factor Model Where nSF represents the exponent value for the “same floor” measurement. The path loss on a different floor can be predicted by adding an appropriate value of FAF * * Signal Penetration into buildings Measurements showed that penetration loss decreases with increasing frequency. Specifically, penetration attenuation values of 16.4dB, 11.6dB,and 7.6dB were measured on the ground floor of a building at frequencies of 441MHz, 896.5MHz, and 1400Mhz, respectly. Results showed that building penetration loss decreased at a rate of 1.9dB per floor from the ground level up to the fifteenth floor and then began increasing above the fifteen floor. * * Example * * Exercises 2.If the base stations use 20 W transmitter powers and 10 dBi gain omnidirectional antennas, determine the cell coverage distance d. Let n = 4 and the standard deviation of 8 dB hold as the path loss model for each cell in the city. Also assume that a required signal level of -90 dBm must be provided for 90% of the coverage area in each cell, and that each mobile uses a 0dBi antenna . Assume d0 = 1 km .(Q(0.7)=0.25,fc=900MHz) * * Mobile Radio Propagation:Large-Scale Path Loss * * Small-scale and large-scale fading * * Free Space Propagation Model In free space, the received power is predicted by Pr(d): Received power with a distance d between Tx and Rx Pt: Transmitted power Gt: Transmitting antenna gain Gr: Receive antenna gain : The wavelength in meters. d: distance in meters L: The miscellaneous losses L (L=1) are usually due to transmission line attenuation, filter losses, and antenna losses in the communication system. L=1 indicates no loss in the system hardware. * * EIRPERP EIRP: Effective Isotropic Radiated Power Represents the maximum radiated power available from a transmitter in the direction of maximum antenna gain, as compared to an isotropic radiator. ERP: Effective Radiated Power ERP is used instead of EIRP to denote the maximum radiated power