微生物专业英语chater 1.docVIP

微生物学教案 Chapter 1 The Introduction of Microbiology 　Chapter1 The introduction of microbiology 　　第1 章绪论 　　Microbiology（微生物学）：Microbiology is specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the naked eyes. 　　Microorganisms（微生物，microbe） ：Microorganisms are defined as the organisms that are so small that ，normally，it cannot be seen without the use of a mocriscope. 　　The word is therefore used to describe virus，bacreria，fungi，protozoom and some algae. 　　Bacteria（细菌） ：Bacteria are some small，single celle organisms. Because they have no nucleus， the cells are described as prokaryotes. 　　Fungi（真菌）：Fungi （mushrooms（蘑菇）， molds（霉菌）， and yeasts） have eukaryotic（真核的） cells （with a true nucleus）。 Most fungi are multicellular.Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment. 　　Protozoom（原生动物）：Protozoans are unicellular eucaryotes and are classified according to their means of locomotion. Protozoans obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures. 　　Algae（藻类）：Alage are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosynthesis.Algae produce oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms. 　　Viruses（病毒）：Viruses are noncellular entities that are parasites of cells. Viruses consist of a nucleic acid core （DNA or RNA） surrounded by a protein coat. An envelope may surround the coat. 　　A brief history of microbiology 　　The science of microbiology did not start until the invention of the microscope in the mid 16th century and it was not until the late 17th century that Antoine van Leeuwenhoek made their first records of fungi， bacteria and protozoa. 　　The late 19th century was the time when the first real breakthroughs on the role of microbes in the environment and medicine were made. Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation（自然发生）（that living organisms spontaneously arose from inorganic material） and Robert Kochs development of pure cu