跨文化交际考试重点.doc

第三单元 Definitions of Culture Culture is the holistic interrelationship of a group’s identity, beliefs, values, activities, rules, customs, communication patterns, and institutions.—Carley H. Dodd 《跨文化交际动力》2006:36 文化是“一个复杂的整体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的任何能力和习惯”。— 泰勒（Edward Tyler）《原始文化》1871 文化是一个群体共享的思想、信仰、行为和情感方式，它既是该群体认识世界的依据，也是该群体的行为模式和生活方式，还是该群体的意义系统。— 张红玲《跨文化外语教学》2005：157 A negotiated set of shared symbolic systems that guide individuals behaviors and incline them to function as a group. 一个经过协商的、用于指导个人行为并使他们成为一个整体的共有符号系统。— 陈国明 William J.Starosta 《跨文化交际学基础》 文化是人类在社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。一般分为物态、制度、行为、心态四个层次。 第四单元 Stress in Cultural Encounters Why is interacting with foreigners sometimes stressful? What is “culture shock”? What do you need to learn to become a more effective communicator? Stress in Cultural Encounters Foreign language as a source of stress Uncertainty, stress, and intercultural encounters On risk, stress, and intercultural encounters Unpredictability as a source of stress Expectations and intercultural communication Expectations and adapting to a new culture Unfamiliarity as a source of stress Culture Shock It is a feeling of being confused and overwhelmed by life in another culture. It is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. These signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: how to give orders, how to make purchases, when and where not to respond. Now these cues which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we are not consciously aware. Causes of cultural shock Loss of control Being deprived of familiar and loved things and people Physical, mental,