语言学概论 总结.doc

语言学概论 总结 Chapter 1 ---- Introduction Part One ★Definition of language ★ ★ ★Design features of language ★ ★Functions of language Part Two ★ Definition of linguistics ★ ★The scope of linguistics ★ ★ ★ Important distinctions in linguistics Exercises: 1）Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language ? (2005) A. arbitrariness任意性 B. productivity C. cultural transmission D. finiteness有限性 2The distinction between parole言语and langue 语言was made by _____. (2006) A. Halliday C. Saussure索绪尔（瑞士语言学家） B. Chomsky 乔姆斯基（美国语言学家，转换生成语法的创始人） D. Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育家） 考点：语言流派的主要代表人物、四对概念的区分。 3Language is a tool of communication. The symbol “high way closed” on a high way serves _____. (2010) A. an expressive function表达功能 B. an informative function信息功能 C. a performative function行事/施为功能 D. a persuasive function劝说功能 考点：语言的基本功能。信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能、寒暄功能、娱乐功能。其中最重要的是信息功能。 A. informative B. phatic寒暄功能指示功能What is language? P7-8 Language can be generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。Language is a system. Systematic---- rule-governed受规则制约, elements in it are arranged according to certain rules； can’t be combined at will. E.g. *bkli， *I apple eat. 2）Language is arbitrary. Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes表示“pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with. 3）Language is symbolic符号的in nature惯例“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”----by Shakespeare 4）Language is primarily vocal. Vocal---- the primary medium基本 5）Language is human-specific. 语言是人类特有的 1.2.2 The design/defining features of human language (Charles Hockett):P8-10 Arbitrariness 任意性 Productivity/Creativity 创造性 Duality 二重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递性 Arbitrariness ◎----No logical (motivated有积极性的固有的 ◎Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy… Apes [e?p] gibber [d??b?].猴子唧唧叫 Roosters