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Added Substances and Vehicles in Parenteral Formulations New Words Formula: (plural) formulas or formulae A list of the substances used to make the medicine, drink, etc, showing the amounts of each substance that should be used. Formulate: To prepare according to a specified formula. Formulation: a substance prepared according to a formula Formulary: a collection or system of formulas. New Words excipient : substances added to a drug so that it can be made into a pill. 赋形剂 Adjuvant: substances added to a drug to enhance the effect of the main ingredient 佐剂，辅药 Additive: chemical substance which is added ,especially one which is added to food to improve its appearance or to prevent it going bad. 添加剂 Parenteral Formulations: Purpose and Outcomes At the end of this lecture the student should be able to evaluate the appropriate use of parenteral product(s) in a practice setting by: – Identifying the routes of parenteral dministration. –Distinguishing the role of various vehicles and added substances used in parenteral products. Why parenteral? Parenteral: para-, enteral Beside intestine. Circumvents: – GI enzymatic activity – GI instability – Low absorption – Variable absorption ? Provides: – Rapid and accurate dosage – Alternative to other routes of delivery Routes of parenteral administration Intradermal (I.D) Subcutaneous (S.C) Intramuscular (I.M) Intravenous (I.V) Intra-arterial Intra-articular (joint) Intrasynovial (joint fluid area ) Intraspinal USP Types of Injection [DRUG] Injection (Insulin Injection, USP) – Ready for injection ? Sterile [DRUG] (Sterile Ampicillin Sodium, USP) – No additives, need addition of solvent ?[DRUG] for Injection (Methicillin Sodium for Injection, USP) – Have additives, need addition of solvent USP Types of Injection Sterile [DRUG] Suspension/Emulsion (Sterile Dexamethasone Acetate Suspension, USP) – Ready for administration, not i.v. or intraspinal Sterile [DRUG] for Suspension/Emulsion (Sterile Ampicillin for Suspe