烷烃和环烷的来源Sources of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes.ppt

2.13Sources of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Petroleum Refining Cracking converts high molecular weight hydrocarbons to more useful, low molecular weight ones Reforming increases branching of hydrocarbon chainsbranched hydrocarbons have better burningcharacteristics for automobile engines 2.14Physical Properties of Alkanesand Cycloalkanes Boiling Points of Alkanes governed by strength of intermolecular attractive forces alkanes are nonpolar, so dipole-dipole and dipole-induced dipole forces are absent only forces of intermolecular attraction are induced dipole-induced dipole forces Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces two nonpolar molecules center of positive charge and center of negative charge coincide in each Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces movement of electrons creates an instantaneous dipole in one molecule (left) Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces temporary dipole in one molecule (left) induces a complementary dipole in other molecule (right) Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces temporary dipole in one molecule (left) induces a complementary dipole in other molecule (right) Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces the result is a small attractive force between the two molecules Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces the result is a small attractive force between the two molecules Boiling Points increase with increasing number of carbons more atoms, more electrons, more  opportunities for induced dipole-induced dipole forces decrease with chain branching branched molecules are more compact with smaller surface area—fewer points of contact with other molecules Boiling Points increase with increasing number of carbons more atoms, more electrons, more  opportunities for induced dipole-induced dipole forces Boiling Points decrease with chain branching branched molecules are more compact with smaller surface area—fewer points of contact with other molecules 2.15Chemical