职称英语2015版 课文详解 第五十三课.docVIP

53. Oil Refining New 石油炼制 1. Primary Refining 1. 粗炼 2. Petroleum refining is the process（过程） of separating(分离) the many compounds（混合物） present in（存在于） crude petroleum（原油）. This process is called fractional distillation（精馏、蒸馏） where the crude oil（原油） is heated（受热）; the various compounds boil（沸腾） at different temperatures and change to gases; and are later recondensed back into liquids. The primary refining processes are the distillation of the feedstock（原料） into its basic fractions, and then the re-distillation of these, in separate（单独的） towers, into highly concentrated intermediates（中间体、半成品）. 2. 石油炼制是将原油中的多种混合物进行分离的过程。原油经过加热后， 其中的不同组分将在不同的温度下沸腾并气化，随后又经冷凝浓缩转化为液 体，这个过程称为分馏。粗炼工序是将进料蒸馏成为其基本组分，然后再将这些组分在单独的炼塔中再蒸馏成为高浓度的半成品。 3. Distillation is the start of the refining process where the crude oil is split into（分成） a number of parts or cuts. The separation is made on the basis of boiling-point and groups of hydrocarbons boiling within（在…之内） a certain range（范围） are produced. The theory of distillation is very easy. The longer the carbon chain, the higher the temperature at which the compounds will boil. When crude oil boils, it sends out vapor（蒸汽） and condenses（冷凝）. All the different hydrocarbons in crude oil are at different temperatures. And their vapors all make separate liquids (fractions). The split are usually grouped into three categories（类型）: light distillates (LPG, gasoline, naphtha), middle distillates (kerosene, diesel), heavy distillates and residuum（残留物） (heavy fuel oil, lubricating oils, wax, asphalt). 3. 蒸馏是炼油工艺流程的开始。在这一过程中，原油分割成若干部分或 馏分。依据不同的沸点进行分离，就能生产出一定沸点范围内的各类碳氢化 合物。蒸馏的原理很简单，碳链的长度越长则化合物的沸点越高。原油沸腾 时，放出蒸汽，然后冷凝。原油中各种烃类的沸点是不同的，不同烃类的蒸 汽形成不同液体（馏分)。蒸馏产品主要分成三类：轻馏分油（液化石油气、 汽油、石脑油）；中间馏分油（煤油、柴油）；重馏分油和渣油（重燃料油、 润滑油、蜡、沥青）。 4. The oil is distilled in a very large steel tower（钢塔）, the technical name of which is the “fractionating tower.” The tower is thirty to fifty meters tall and its diameter（直径） is one to three meters. It is divided into（被分成） “chambers,” each of which