语法知识讲座2.doc

语法知识讲座 2.1 第三章 基本句型的扩展 基本句型的扩展是指通过语法手段把基本句型转换成变化多样,结构复杂的句子,以表达不同的意思、概念与语义关系。常见的扩展方法有：修饰扩展、并列扩展、加入同位语，和插入语。 修饰扩展： 修饰扩展指的是给基本句型中的词语提供一些额外的信息，以修饰、描述或限制那个词语的意义。修饰语可以是一个词、短语或者一个完整的句子。英语的句子往往伴有修饰语，即定语和状语。 1 定语的形式 1．1 限定词作定语 a/an, every, each, another, this, that, such a, both, several, three, a few/few, those, many, little/a little, much, a great deal of , a large quantity of , some , a lot of , plenty of , all, my , John’s 等 1．2 描绘形容词作定语 He is a good boy. / She has a clear voice. / You are such a fool. 1．3 名词作定语 Night school, ice cream, birthday party, city center (定语是night, ice, birthday, city) 1．4 介词短语作定语 A man of no importance, the man at the door, ideas behind the times, the reason for doing 1．5 不定式作定语 不定式一般在名词或代名词的后面作修饰语 I want to find something to eat. (to eat 修饰something) He has a brother to teach him. That is a special way to make money. 1．6 动名词作定语 sleeping car 卧车walking stick手杖 printing shop印务室 reading room阅读室 1．7 分词作定语 A 现在分词 a sleeping child, the coming month, a charming girl, a nice-looking girl B 过去分词 the used car, learn spoken English, well-dressed man, my loved son 1．8 定语从句 如果从句用于修饰主句的名词（主语、宾语或表语），则其句子成分为定语，叫做定语从句。 定语从句有两类：第一， 非限制性定语从句。特点：A 用逗号与主句隔开， B如果去除确这一部分并不改变影响主句的 C不能用that 代替which 引导词 第二，限制性定语从句。特点：A不要用逗号与主句隔开 B去除这一部分将会影响到原句要表达的意思 指代人的时候，定语从句由关系代词who, whom, whose 引导； 指代物时，可以由关系代词which 引导； 指代人或物时，由that引导。还有由关系副词when, where, why 等引导。 关系代词whom, which., that在从句中做宾语时，可以省略！ 注意：A where = 介词+ which 同时指代地点状语，（which 只能指代介词短语中的名词） B what= anything which= the thing that/which This is the house where/ in which I used to live.(这就是我曾经住过的房子) This is what/the thing he told me just now. (这就是刚才他告诉我的事情) Is that the woman who wants to buy your car? Is there any reason why you can not come? It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time. According to Cook, whose book is published on Thursday, most disasters are