生物学导论44翻译.docx

This solution then contains more hydroxide ions than hydroniumions and is therefore defined as a base. 这个溶液比水合氢离子包含更多氢氧根离子因此被定义为一个碱性溶液。The adjective alkaline refersto bases. 形容词碱性指碱。Bases have a bitter taste; however, never taste a substanceto test for alkalinity. 碱有苦味，但是，从来没有一种物质来测试碱度。They tend to feel slippery because the OH-ionsreact with the oil on our skin to form a soap. 他们倾向于感觉很滑，因为氢氧根离子与我们的皮肤上的油脂反应形成一个脂肪酸盐。In fact, commercialsoap is the product of a reaction between a base and a fat.事实上，商业肥皂是碱和脂肪之间反应的产物。pHScientists have developed a scale for comparing the relative concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solution.科学家们已经发明了一种测量方法将溶液中的氢离子和氢氧根离子的相对浓度进行比较。This scale is called the pH scale, and it ranges from 0 to 14, asshown in Figure 2-14. 这种测量方法称为pH测量法，它的范围从0到14，如图2-14所示。A solution with a pH of 0 is very acidic, asolution with a pH of 7 is neutral, and a solution with a pH of 14 isvery basic. PH值为0的溶液是强酸性的，PH值为7的溶液是中性的，pH为14的溶液是强碱性的。A solution’s pH is measured on a logarithmic scale.一个溶液的PH值是在对数刻度上测量的。That is, the change of one pH unit reflects a 10-fold change in theacidity or alkalinity. 也就是说，一个PH值单位的变化反映了酸性或碱性的10倍的变化。For example, urine has 10 times the H3O+ionsat a pH of 6 than water does at a pH of 7. 例如，pH为6的尿液中的H3O+离子确实是pH为7的水的10倍。Vinegar, has 1,000 timesmore H3O+ ions at a pH of 3 than urine at a pH of 6, and 10,000times more H3O+ ions than water at a pH of 7. pH为3的醋中的H3O+离子是pH为6的尿液的1000倍，是pH为7的水的一万倍。The pH of a solutioncan be measured with litmus paper or with some other chemicalindicator that changes color at various pH levels.溶液的pH可以通过改变石蕊试纸或一些其他的化学指示剂的颜色测量不同的pH值。Buffers 缓冲液The control of pH is important for living systems. 对生命体系来说控制pH是重要的。Enzymes canfunction only within a very narrow pH range. 酶只能在很窄的PH值范围内发挥作用。The control of pH inorganisms is often accomplished with buffers. 在生物体中的PH值的控制通常是通过缓冲液来完成的。17.Buffers are chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or abase added to a solution. 缓冲液是一种化学物质，可以中和少量加入到溶