文学几大主义.docx

1. Naturalism自然主义American literary naturalism emerged in the 1890s as an outgrowth of American realism.Naturalism is sometimes claimed to give an even more accurate depiction of life than realism.It is more than that, for it is a mode of fiction that was developed by a school of writers in accordance with a particular philosophical thesis.Philosophical foundations哲学基础 This thesis is a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century.1) a human being exists entirely in the order of nature and does not have a soul nor any mode of participating in a religious or spiritual world beyond the natural world. 2) a human being is merely a higher-order animal whose character and behavior are entirely determined by two kinds of forces, heredity and environment.3) A person inherits compulsive instincts--especially hunger, the drive to accumulate possessions, and sexuality--and is then subject to the social and economic forces in the family, the class, and the milieu into which that person is born.Briefly, Naturalist writers believed that a human being is no more than a higher-order animal, who is governed by heredity and environment, natural or socioeconomic, thus, acquirng no free will and living in an amoral world.the survival of the fittest, the human beastNaturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, violence, prejudice, disease, corruption, prostitution, and filth. As a result, naturalistic writers were frequently criticized for focusing too much on human vice and misery.Naturalist Writers Stephen CraneFrank Norris Theodore Dreiser Edwin Arlington RobinsonJack London O’ Henry Stephen Crane (1871-1900)Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893)The Red Badge of Courage (1895)The Open BoatThe MonsterThe Brides Comes to Yellow SkyThe Blue Hotelpoems:The Black Riders and Other Lines《黑衣骑士及其他》War is Kind《战争是仁慈的》Stephen Crane and Emily Dickinson are now recognized as the two presursors of Imagist poetry.2.TRANSCENDENTALISM (Transcendentalis