化工热力学-高光华-第3章.ppt

Design From Limited Data. Jakob de Swaan Arons Chemical Engineering Department Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Beijing, 14th November 2006 Applied thermodynamics John M Prausnitz (1) John M Prausnitz (2) John M Prausnitz (3) Applications Molecular thermodynamics Reference Case study Refrigeration The refrigerant (working fluid) cycle Thermodynamic diagrams Pressure-enthalpy diagram Temperature-entropy diagram Steady-state steady-flow process First and second law for flowing systems(steady state) For steps Ⅰ- Ⅳ What do we need ? Let us follow the cycle in resp. the PH- and TS- diagram! Clearly we need saturated vapour pressures , enthalpies and entropies of vaporization/ condensation and for the gas state. What we will need. Question Answer Saturated vapor pressure We know the temperature levels but we need the corresponding saturated vapor pressures. The acentric factor ω Critical properties and acentric factor The boiling point Tb(K) and the molecular structure allow us to predict Tc and Pc →Tbr and Pbr. The “reduced” boiling point coordinates allow us to obtain ωfrom the graph . But the equation 2.3.3 is more suitable. Ⅰ The evaporator step 5→1 Too early. Complication: State 5 is a two phase state. The vapor fraction xv can be calculated only once we know H4=H5=(1- xv)H0+xvH1 . Let us make H0 our starting point: ⅡThe compression step 1→2 Compression from to is adiabatic. If reversible then compressed gas reaches temperature T2 to be calculated from ?12Srev =0. This allows calculation of ?12Hrev. But compressor efficiency is 1, so ?12H= ?12Hrev/η→T2 Need for H and S as : Important relations Cp ～ intramolecular PVT ～ intermolecular Ⅲ Condensation 2→4 Condensation step is preceded by isobaric cooling from 2→3. T3= Thigh. Condensation step requires at Thigh. Need for H as ?(T) and → Ⅳ Expansion 4→5 Expansion is adiabatic without producing work:?H=0 i.e. H4=H5. Thi