美国高中课程复习笔记AP生物biology.docVIP

美国高中课程复习笔记AP生物biology Adaptation 适应性改变 Any inherited structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring is called an adaptation. Evolution 进化 The gradual change in a species through adaptations over time is evolution. Growth 生长 Growth results in an increase in the amount of living meterial and the formation of new structures. Reproduction 繁殖 One of the most obvious of all the characteristics of life is reproduction, the production of offspring. Species 物种 A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature. Stimulus 刺激 Anything in an organism’s external or internal environment that causes the organism to react is a stimulus. Dependent variable 因变量 The condition that any changes in it depend on changes made to the independent variable is called dependent variable. Independent variable 自变量 The condition in an experiment that is tested is the independent variable. Ecology 生态学 Ecology is the study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment. Ecosystem 生态系统 An ecosystem is made up of interacting populations in a biological community and the community’s abiotic factors. Niche 小生境 A niche is all strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment. Autotroph 自养生物 An organism that uses light energy or energy stored in chamical compounds to make energy-rich compounds is a producer, or autotroph. Heterotroph 异养生物 An organism that cannot make its own food and feeds on other organisms is called a heterotroph. Food chain 食物链 A food chain is a simple model that species use to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem. In a food chain, nutrients and energy move from autotrophs to heterotrophs and, eventually, to decomposers. Limiting factor 限制因素 A limiting factor is any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of an organisms. Tolerance 耐受性 The ability of an org