Pesticide Transport and Reaction in Soil外语英文电子书.pdfVIP

Pesticide Transport and Reaction in Soil Introduction Aldicarb is a commercial pesticide, used on a variety of crops, including cotton, sugar beet, citrus fruits, potatoes, and beans. The general population may be exposed to aldicarb primarily through the ingestion of contaminated water and foods. This example looks at the degradation kinetics of aldicarb and its toxic by-products, investigating both the degradation time-scale as well as the spatial concentration distribution of toxic components. In the first model the chemicals are contained in a water pond, treated as a perfectly mixed system. The second model tracks the detailed distribution of chemicals in soil as the pesticide leaches out of the pond and is transported in water through the ground. The reaction kinetics describing the degradation pathways of aldicarb is exported to the Solute Transport application mode of the Earth Science Module. In COMSOL Multiphysics the solute transport is coupled to fluid flow as described by Richards’ equation. Note: This model requires the COMSOL Reaction Engineering Lab and the Earth Science Module. Model Definition Aldicarb degrades by transformation to the corresponding sulfoxide and the sulfone (both of which are toxic), and is detoxified by hydrolysis to oximes and nitriles. The chain of reactions is illustrated in Figure 4-17. The toxicity of a chemical species is indicated by its LD50 value, signifying the dose (mg/kg) lethal to half of a test population of rats. As indicated, both the sulfoxide and solfone analogues of aldicarb are also relatively toxic. P E S T I C I D E TR A N S P O R T A N D R E A C T I O N I N S O I L | 265 CH3 O CH3 H