环境生态学---第十五章 遗传的变异.pptVIP

O1 遗传的变异 要 点 基因和等位 基因 基因是带有可产生特定蛋白的遗传密码的DNA片段。一个基因可有许多等位基因，而个体可有纯合或杂合的基因型。表达的表现型取决于等位基因是显性的、隐性的还是共显性的。种群中存在的所有基因组和等位基因叫做基因库。 polymorphism The term polymorphism refers to the presence of alleles in a population. A population or species may be polymorphic for color, as in snails, or for some biochemical function, as in plant toxicity. Some polymorphisms are maintained by natural selection, but others appear to result from the effect of many genes controlling the polymorphic character. Genetic variation within populations and species can be estimated directly from the DNA or from protein (allozyme) variation. Proteins or DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis to give bands that can be scored to determine the genotype of individuals. Detailed investigation of the DNA of individuals yields a unique genetic fingerprint, useful for establishing paternity. Measuring genetic variation 测定遗传变异 种群和物种内的遗传变异可直接由DNA或蛋白（别构酶）变异来估计。蛋白或DNA片段可通过凝胶电泳分离，呈现可刻划的带来决定个体的基因型。对个体DNA的详细调查产生了一种独特的遗传指纹，对建立父子关系很有用。 多 型 多型指的是种群中等位基因的存在。一个种群或物种可能颜色是多型的，如蜗牛，或者一些生化特性是多型的，如植物的毒性。一些多型可能是由自然选择保持下来的，但其他是由于许多基因控制多型性状的结果。 花园大蜗牛 Genetic drift Genetic drift is a random change in gene frequency arising through chance alone. It tends to be more apparent in small populations allele frequencies drift away from their starting values, increasing, decreasing or fluctuating up and down. It occurs because there is an element of chance in which individuals and which gametes will produce offspring and which individuals will die before reproducing. Random changes in allele frequency can lead to fixation and the progressive loss of genetic variation from the population. Genetic bottleneck When a population undergoes an abrupt contraction in numbers, this is accompanied by a change in gene frequencies and a decline in the total genetic variation. Genetic drift in the small population during the bottleneck results in the loss of genetic variation. Although population numbers may recover, genetic vari