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Discuss the role of modeling and optimization in science and technology, and its limitations. Modeling and optimization, essentially utilizing the mathematical model, grasps the crucial point of problems provoked in scientific research and engineering application and simplify the complexity of the problems. The sort of transformation manages to assist human beings achieve the best outcome via mathematical equations and inequalities. For example, EVs, regarded as large amount of batteries, may make full use of the electric power if they are charged in the night. However, they may cause harmonic pollution if they are charged in the daytime. The problem lies in how to guarantee the electricity consumption for charging EVs on condition that the load cannot bring the harmonic pollution and reduce the quality of the system. Engineers can resort to modeling and optimization to simplify the problem and work out the optimal policy. Every coin has two sides. Since a model only captures certain aspects of reality, it may be inappropriate for use in a particular application for it may capture the wrong elements of the reality. Thus, the usefulness of the model is dependent upon the aspect of reality it represents. What’s more, if a model does capture the appropriate elements of reality, but capture the elements in a distorted or biased manner, then it still may not be useful. In practice, mathematical equations rarely capture the precise relationship between all system variables and the measure of effectiveness. Failure could result because the analyst chose the wrong set of variables for inclusion in the model, because he fails to identify the proper relationship between these variables and the measure of effectiveness. As far as the example mentioned above is concerned, engineers are apt to be distracted by the numerous factors and fail to get to the essence of the problem. After all, success covers a multitude of blunders. What is the definition of a Linear Programming (LP