计算机概论第3章.docx

Chapter 3: Operating Systems 第3章：操作系统3.1 The History of Operating Systems3.2 Operating System Architecture3.3 Coordinating the Machine’s Activities3.4 Handling Competition Among Processes3.5 Security3.1操作系统的历史3.2操作系统架构3.3协调机器的活动3.4处理过程中的竞争3.5安全Functions of Operating Systems 操作系统的功能Oversee operation of computerStore and retrieve filesSchedule programs for executionCoordinate the execution of programs监督计算机的操作存储和检索文件计划执行程序协调程序的执行Evolution of Operating Systems 操作系统的演变 Batch processing 批量处理Software classification 软件分类Operating System Components 操作系统组件Shell: Communicates with usersText basedGraphical user interface (GUI)Kernel: Performs basic required functionsFile managerDevice driversMemory managerScheduler and dispatcherShell：与用户通信基于文本图形用户界面（GUI）内核：执行基本的必需功能文件管理器设备驱动程序内存管理器调度程序和调度程序File Manager 文件管理器 Directory (or Folder): A user-created bundle of files and other directories (subdirectories)Directory Path: A sequence of directories within directories, e.g. D:\My Documents\Cooking\ Pecan Pie.docFile Descriptor: Area of main memory that stores information needed to access file 目录（或文件夹）：用户创建的文件包和其他目录（子目录）目录路径：目录中的目录序列，例如。 D：\ My Documents \ Cooking \ 山核桃文件描述符：主区域 存储信息的存储器需要访问文件Memory Manager 内存管理器 Allocates space in main memory 分配主内存中的空间 May create the illusion that the machine has more memory than it actually does (virtual memory) by shifting back and forth blocks of data (pages) between main memory and mass storage 可以通过在主存储器和大容量存储器之间移动来回的数据块（页）来创建机器具有比它实际上更多的存储器（虚拟存储器）的错觉Getting it Started (Bootstrapping) 开始（引导） Bootstrap: Program in ROM (example of firmware)Run by the CPU when power is turned onTransfers operating system from mass storage to main memoryExecutes jump to operating system引导程序：ROM中的程序（固件示例）在电源打开时由CPU运行将操作系统从大容量存储器传输到主存储器执行跳转到操作系统Processes 过程 Process: The activity of executing a programProcess State: Current status of the activityProgram counterGeneral purpose registersRelated portion of main memory过程：执行程序的活动过程状态：活动的当前状态程序计数器通用寄存器主内存的相关