第二章集合、函数-大叶大学.pptVIP

Example 14. Table 2. Some useful summation formulae Ch2-* Ch2-* Exercise 2-4 13. 下列總和之值為何？ (a) (b) (c)  (d) 17. 計算下面的多重總和 (a) (b) (c)  (d) ?Cardinality(基數) (此部分跳過) Def 4. The sets A and B have the same cardinality (size) if and only if there is a one-to-one correspondence (1-1,onto 的function) from A to B. Def 5. A set that is either finite or has the same cardinality as Z+ (or N) is called countable (可數). A set that is not countable is called uncountable. Ch2-* Ch2-* Example 18. Show that the set of odd positive integers is a countable set. Pf: (Figure 1) Z+ : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 … …… { 正奇數 } : 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 … f : Z+ ? {正奇數} f (n) = 2n – 1 is 1-1 onto. Example 19. Show that the set of positive rational number (Q+) is countable. Ch2-* ∴ Z+ : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 … Q+ : (注意，因 等於 ，故 不算) ※Note. R is uncountable. (Example 21) Pf: Q+ = { a / b | a, b? Z+ } (Figure 2) 1 1 * * * * * * * * * Chapter 2 Basic Structures : Sets, Functions, Sequences, and Sums 大葉大學 資訊工程系 黃鈴玲 Discrete Mathematics 2-1 Sets (集合) Def 1 : A set is an unordered collection of objects. Def 2 : The objects in a set are called the elements (元素), or members of the set. x ∈ A 表示A是一個集合，而x是A中的元素例如：A = {x, y, z} 當集合的元素很多，無法一一列舉，元素又具備某些特性時，可使用如下表示法：Q = { x | x的特性 }如： Q = { x | x 是小於10的正奇數 }或：Q = { x | x 是奇數，3x100 } ? = { } 表示空集合 Ch2-* Example 5 : 常見的重要集合 N= { 0,1,2,3,…}, the set of natural number (自然數)(注意：有些書不把0視為自然數) Z = { …,-2, -1,0,1,2,…}, the set of integers (整數) Z+ = { 1,2,3,…}, the set of positive integers (正整數) Q = { p/q | p ∈ Z, q