语言学第一单元.docVIP

语言学第一单元 Chapter 1 Linguistics 考点1：定义（选择题或填空题） Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. ▲Language distinguishes human beings from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animal communication system. Linguistics: the scientific study of human languages. It studies not just one language of any one society, but the language of all human beings.（判断题） ★注：语言学研究的是所有人类的语言，并不是局限于如英语等某一门语言。 Language is vocal 1) The primary medium for all languages is sound. 2) Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms. Word is the smallest unit that can be used, by itself, as a complete utterance. 词是能够独立构成一个完整语句的最小单位 考点2：Design features 语言的定义特征 （分析大题） Design features: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals. （定义填空题） ▲ 语言的四个Design features 也是区别人类语言好动物语言的特征 A、Arbitrariness 任意性 There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 语言形式的符号与所表示的意义无天然的联系。 Different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. （语素音义关系的任意性） Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. （语言在句法层面是非任意性）【判断题】 The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention. 语言的形式和意义的连接是约定俗成，即规约性 ★ 任意性具有两个层面，而非any level !!! (判断题) Arbitrariness → Makes language potentially creative language convention → Makes language systematic B、Duality 双重性，二元性 Human language is productive or creative due to duality and recursiveness(递归性).（填空题） The structural organization of language into two abstract levels: ? At the lower level (the secondary level) : meaningful units ? At the higher level (the primary level) : meaningless segments Expression of duality: ? 1. Combine meaningless sounds into meaningful linguistic units ? 2. Combine small units into big units C、Creativity 创造性 Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We