生物技术原理总结3.docVIP

1.Prokaryotes are small and simple in structure when compared with eukaryotes , yet they often have characteristic shape and size 与真核细胞相比原核细胞较小并且结构简单，但他们通常含有独特的形状和大小。 2.Prokaryotic genetic material is located in an area called the nucleoid and is not enclosed by a membrane. 原核细胞的遗传信息位于无核膜包围的拟核区。 3.The prokaryotic cell wall almost always has peptidoglycan and is chemically and morphologically complex. 原核细胞的细胞壁通常含有肽聚糖，化学结构和形态复杂。 4. Most bacteria have a cell wall outside the plasma membrane to give them shape and protect them from osmotic lysis. 大部分细菌在细胞膜的外面有细胞壁来维持细胞形状并且能保护细胞免受渗透压溶解作用。 5.Bacterial walls are chemically complex and usually contain peptidoglycan or murein. 细菌细胞壁化学结构复杂通常含有肽聚糖和胞壁质。 6.Bacteria often are classfied as either gram positive or gram negative based on differences in cell wall structure and their response to Gram staining. 细菌依据它们细胞壁结构的不同和对革兰氏染色的反应不同可分为革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌。 Gram-positive walls have thick,homogeneous layers of peptidoglycan and teichoid acid. Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by a complex outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and other components 革兰氏阳性菌有厚的均匀的肽聚糖层和磷壁酸层，革兰氏阴性菌肽聚糖层薄，外部被复杂的结构包围，含有脂多糖和其它组分。 Some bacteria are motile, usually by means of flagella, and bacterial species differ in the number and distribution of their flagella. 有些细菌是可以移动的，通常依靠鞭毛。不同的细菌类型鞭毛的数量和分布是不同的。 7. Structures such as capsules, fimbriae, and sex pili are found outside of some bacterial cell wall. 细菌细胞壁外面也发现了荚膜、菌毛和性菌毛等结构。 8. Some bacteria survive adverse environmental conditions by forming endospores, dormant structures resistant to heat,desiccation and many chemicals 一些细菌通常形成内孢子、休眠结构等来抵抗炎热、干燥、和许多化学物质等不利于生存的条件。 9.Reproduction of a bacterial cell requires the replication of the bacterial chromosome. The micrograph shows the sequence of synthesis of new circular loops of double helical DNA. 细菌繁殖需要细菌染色体的复制。显微照片显示了双链DNA合成新环的过程。 10.Bacteria normally reproduce by binary fission. The inward growth of the septum divides the p