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Caffeine,the stimulant in coffee, has beencalled
“the most widely used psychoactive substanceonEarth .”
Synder,Daly andBruns have recentlyproposed that
caffeine affects behavior bycountering the activity in
(5)
(5)
((55)) thehuman brain of anaturally occurring chemical called
adenosine. Adenosine normally depressesneuron firing
inmany areas ofthe brain. It apparently doesthis by
inhibiting the releaseofneurotransmitters, chemicals
that carry nerveimpulses from oneneuron tothe next.
(10)
(10)
((1100)) Like manyother agents that affect neuronfiring,
adenosine must first bindto specific receptors on
neuronal membranes. There are atleast twoclasses
ofthese receptors, which havebeendesignated A1and
A2. Snyder etal propose that caffeine,whichis struc-
(15)
(15)
((1155)) turally similar toadenosine, is able tobindto bothtypes
ofreceptors, whichprevents adenosine from attaching
there andallows theneurons tofire more readily than
they otherwise would.
Formany years,caffeine’s effects havebeen attri-
(20)
(20)
((2200)) butedto its inhibition ofthe productionofphosphodi-
esterase, an enzyme that breaks down thechemical
calledcyclic AMP.A numberof neurotransmitters exert
their effects by first increasing cyclic AMPconcentra-
tions in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at
(25)
(25)
((2255)) theelevatedconcentrations, asmight be brought about
byaphosphodiesteraseinhibitor,could lead toagreater
amount ofneuron firing and,consequently, tobehav-
ioral stimulation.But Snyder etal point out that the
caffeine concentrations neededto inhibit the production
(30)
(30)
((3300)) of phosphodiesterasein thebrain are muchhigher
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