麻省理工学院 生物材料课程 lecture 17 Biosensors.pdf

3.051J/20.340J 1 Lecture 17 Biosensors 1. What are biosensors? The term is used in the literature in many ways. Some definitions: a) A device used to measure biologically-derived signals b) A device that “senses” using “biomimetic” (imitative of life) strategies ex.,“artificial nose” c) A device that detects the presence of biomolecules We will adopt a recent IUPAC definition: “A self-contained integrated device which [sic] is capable of providing specific quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element which is in direct spatial contact with a transducer element.” 2. Uses of biosensors • Quality assurance in agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries ex. E. Coli, Salmonella • Monitoring environmental pollutants biological warfare agents ex., Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) spores • Medical diagnostics ex., glucose • Biological assays ex., DNA microarrays 3.051J/20.340J 2 3. Classes of biosensors A) Catalytic biosensors : kinetic devices that measure steady-state concentration of a transducer-detectable species formed/lost due to a biocatalytic reaction Monitored quantities: i) rate of product formation ii) disappearance of a reactant iii) inhibition of a reaction Biocatalysts used: i) enzymes ii) microorganisms ii) organelles iv) tissue samples B) Affinity biosensors : devices in which receptor molecules bind analyte molecules “irreversibly”, causing a physicochemical change that is detected by a tran