高等化工工艺学 英文讲义.pdf

Chapter 2 Ammonia Synthesis 2.1 Brief History Ammonia is an intermediate product in the manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers. It is also used for direct application to the soil and in aqua condition with solutions of other nitrogenous fertilisers like ammonium nitrate and/or urea. Besides these, ammonia finds application in the production of nitric acid, soda ash, cleaning agents, leather tanning, petroleum refining, pulp paper industry, textiles, refrigeration, rubber synthetic resin industries, explosives and food beverage industries. Fertilser ammonium sulfate, (NH ) SO 4 2 4 ammonium phosphate, (NH ) PO 4 3 4 ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 urea, (NH ) CO,also used in the production of barbiturates (sedatives), is made by 2 2 the reaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide Chemicals nitric acid, HNO3, which is used in making explosives such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), nitroglycerine which is also used as a vasodilator (a substance that dilates blood vessels) and PETN (pentaerythritol nitrate). sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate), NaHCO3 sodium carbonate, Na CO 2 3 hydrogen cyanide (hydrocyanic acid), HCN hydrazine, N H (used in