力学专业英语11.docVIP

Lesson 11 Stress equilibrium and compatibility When a body is subjected to the actions of external forces, the effects are transmitted through the material. Internal forces are thus induced with the result that the material on one side of any section of the body will in general exert a force on the material on the other side. In considering the transmission of force through a body, one must be concerned not only with result forces but also with the distribution of the force. In order to do this it is necessary to define a quantity which describes the intensity of a distributed force at a point. This quantity is known as the stress. In order to define the stress components at a point in a solid, one must make reference to a surface through the point. The direction chosen for this reference surface is arbitrary and in fact it is necessary to give the stress components on at least three surfaces in order to completely describe the state of stress at the point. By convention the three surfaces chosen as reference surfaces are taken perpendicular to the three coordinate axes x1 , x2 ,and x3 respectively. The state of stress at the center of a small rectangular parallelepiped element with surfaces perpendicular to the coordinate axes is defined as the limiting value of the ratio F/A , where A is the area of the surface on which the resultant force component F acts. Since there are three stress components on each of the three faces of the element, there are nine stress components in all. Since stresses are related to the resultant forces acting on surfaces within bodies, the laws of mechanics can be used to derive the condition of equilibrium. Just as F =ma must hold for the entire body, it must also hold for a small element of the body. The resultant forces and moments acting on this body can be expressed in terms of the stress components acting on each of the faces and the are of the face. If in addition to the stresses there is also a force per unit volume which acts on