Ch3 Vector Spaces and Linear Transformations英文电子书.pdf

3 VECTOR SPACES AND INEARL TRANSFORMATIONS In Chapter I we considered the set-theoretic structure of mathematical systems, and in Chapter 2 we developed to various degrees of complexity the algebraic structure of mathematical systems. One of the mathematical systems introduced in Chapter 2 was the linear or vector space, a concept of great importance in mathematics and applications. In the present chapter we further examine properties of linear spaces. Then we consider special types of mappings defined on linear spaces, called linear transformations, and establish several important properties of linear transformations. In the next chapter we will concern ourselves with finite dimensional vector spaces, and we will consider matrices, which are used to represent linear transformations on finite dimensional vector spaces. 3.1. INEARL SPACES We begin by restating the definition of linear space. 3.1.1. Definition. Let X be a non-empty set, let F be a field, let + .. denote a mapping of X x X into ,X and let· denote a mapping of F x X into .X Let the members x E X be called lectors, let the elements « E F be called scalars, let the opera