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3
VECTOR SPACES AND
INEARL
TRANSFORMATIONS
In Chapter I we considered the set-theoretic structure of mathematical
systems, and in Chapter 2 we developed to various degrees of complexity the
algebraic structure of mathematical systems. One of the mathematical systems
introduced in Chapter 2 was the linear or vector space, a concept of great
importance in mathematics and applications.
In the present chapter we further examine properties of linear spaces.
Then we consider special types of mappings defined on linear spaces, called
linear transformations, and establish several important properties of linear
transformations.
In the next chapter we will concern ourselves with finite dimensional
vector spaces, and we will consider matrices, which are used to represent
linear transformations on finite dimensional vector spaces.
3.1. INEARL SPACES
We begin by restating the definition of linear space.
3.1.1. Definition. Let X be a non-empty set, let F be a field, let + ..
denote a mapping of X x X into ,X and let· denote a mapping of F x X
into .X Let the members x E X be called lectors, let the elements « E F be
called scalars, let the opera
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