制造技术(中英文课件10).pptVIP

Forging （锻造） Forging (锻造）  Lesson 10 Forging is the operation where the metal is heated and then a force is applied to manipulate（处理） the metal in such a way that the required final shape is obtained. Forging operations Two types Drawing out （拉拔）：the metal gets elongated with a reduction in the cross- sectional area（金属被拉长，截面面积缩小）. Upsetting （镦粗）：This is applied to increase the cross- sectional area of the stock at the expense of its length（镦粗是牺牲毛坯长度来增加其截面面积）. Example 1: The crane hook（吊车吊钩） (drawing out ) The grain without bending in Fig (a) The grain flow is bend along the hook in Fig (b). (Provide the necessary strength for lifting loads) In forging process，it is possible to control the grain flow in the specific direction（在锻造过程中，能够控制晶粒流动的具体方向）. Example 2 The gear blank（齿轮坯) Without upsetting in Fig (c) The upsetting process provides the radial grain flow In Fig (d)（径向晶粒流向） (essential for good strength in gear teeth（齿轮轮齿） for several applications) Forging types There are four types of forging methods which are generally used ① Smith forging: This is the traditional forging operation done openly or in open dies（by the village blacksmith or modern shop floor by manual hammeringor by power hammers) ②Drop forging: This is the operation done in closed impression dies by means of drop hammers. ③ Press forging: the press forging is also done in closed impression dies with the exception that the force is a continuous squeezing type applied by the hydraulic presses（液压机）. ④Machine forging:the material is only upset to get the desired shape. Smith Forging（自由锻造） The types of operations in this process available are fullering（拔长）, flattening（矫直）, bending（弯曲）, upsetting （镦粗）and swaging（旋锻）. No special dies are used, smith forging is more beneficial in the manufacture of small lots（小批量） or in trial production（产品试制）. Fullering example （砧座） Drop Forging（模锻） The drop forging die consists of two halves. The lower half of the die is fixed