UML_Lec01_2_面向对象基础.pptVIP

练习 例如，假定要求你对家庭用水系统建模。那么有哪些对象可用于表示供水系统的各种部件呢？ Faucet object（水龙头） 方法：打开水流/关闭水流，设定流速，返回给定时间段的用水量等等。 为了完成这项任务，水龙头对象需要实例变量来记录水龙头开、关、用了多少水、水从哪里来等信息。 供水模型中可能还有水管对象，负责运水； 有节水阀对象，调节水管中的水流速度。 一些应用对象—如洗碗机、盥洗室和洗衣机。 当建筑物被要求报告用了多少水时 可能还有一个建筑物 对象, 容纳一些水管、阀、水龙头 它可以要求每个水龙头、阀报告自己的当前状态 整个系统是一个又一个对象网络 对象相互调用来解决问题。每个对象都有专门的角色，完成部分工作，有能力和其他的对象交互。 对象间通过消息（message） 来执行交互,请求执行某一个方法 。 * Basic Terminology 1: Inheritance Inheritance is a way of relating two classes so that one class may use another classs members without redefining them. The basic principle is simple: A class gets the state and behaviour of another class and adds additional state and behaviour. * How do you express inheritance in C++? ?class?Car?:?public?Vehicle?{?public:???...?}; * We state the above relationship in several ways: Car is a kind of a Vehicle Car is derived from Vehicle Car is a specialized Vehicle Car is a subclass of Vehicle Car is a derived class of Vehicle Vehicle is the base class of Car Vehicle is the superclass of Car Inheritance Hierarchy * Basic Terminology 2: Polymorphism Original meaning: “Having many forms” The sender of a stimulus doesn’t need to know the receiver’s class. Different receivers can interpret the message in their own way. Consequence: different receivers can response to the same stimulus based on their interpretation. So we can have a variety of objects who process the same piece of data in different ways. Implemented via method overloading and overriding. Override,覆盖是指在子类（c++中的派生类） 中重新定义父类的函数 重载（overload）： 在同一个类中，出现多个同名的方法的现象就是Overload ；重载发生在同一个类中，不同方法之间的现象 * 多态的例子 * Basic Terminology 3: Encapsulation Encapsulation is the process of hiding the implementation details of an object. The only access to manipulate the object data is through its interface. It protects an object’s internal state from being corrupted by other objects. Also, other objects are protected from changes in the object implementation. Encapsulation allows objects to be vie