外文翻译---预应力混凝土.docxVIP

外文翻译INTRODUCTION TO PRESTRESS CONCRETEBasic Concepts of PrestressingPrestressing concrete is basically concrete in which internal stresses of suitable magnitude and distribution are introduction so that the stresses resulting from external loads are conteracted to a desired degree .in reinforced concrete members, the prestress is commonly introduced by tensioning the steel reinforcement.The earliest examples of wooden barrel construction by force-fitting of metal tyres on wooden wheels indicate that the art of prestressing has been practiced from ancient times .the tensile strength of plain concrete is only a fraction of its compressive strength and the problem of it being deficient in tensile strength appears to have been the driving factor in the development of the composite material known as “reinforced concrete”.The development of early cracks in reinforced concrete due to non-compatibility in the strains of steel and concrete was perhaps the starting point for the development of a new material like “presstressed concrete “.the application of permanent compressive stress to a material like concrete ,which is strong in compression but weak in tension ,increases the apparent tensile strength of that material ,because the subsequent application of tensile stress must first nullify the compressive prestress .in 1904 Fresyssinet attempted to substitute permanently acting forces in concrete to resist the lastic forces developed under loads and this idea was later developed under the name of “prestressing”. the significant observation which resulted from pioneering research work on pretressed concrete were Need for High Strength and Concrete1. Nessity of using high steel and concrete.2. Recognition of losser of prestress due to various causes.he early attempts to use mind steel in prestressed concrete were not successful since the working stress in mild steel of 120 N/MM2 more or less completely lost due to elastic deformation ,creep and shrinkage of concrete. The n