医用物理学（俞航）第14章x射线.pptVIP

CHAPTER 14. X-RAYS 14.1 x射线的产生 (1). X-射线管 (2). 低压电源 ( 5～10v ) (3). 高压电源 104～105v ) 1. x射线的发生装置 X射线管的结构 (1) 灯丝（阴极） - K A X-Ray X-Ray tube X射线的产生条件 (2) 靶（阳极） (3) 高真空玻璃罩 (1) 高速运动的电子流 (2) 阻止高速电子流的合适的靶物质 (1) 阳极吧被高速电子轰击的面积为实际焦点 Rotating anode: (2) 实际焦点在x射线投照方向上的投影为有效焦点 Small one - for diagnosis Large one - for therapy 2. 焦点 A θ Projected focal spot 14.2 X-Rays Spectra X-Ray spectra contains two portions: 1. Continuos spectrum 2. Line spectrum 1. Bremsstrahlung（韧致辐射）: High speed electrons experience the action of electrical field of atoms in a target. Their velocities are reduced sharply and the energy of them may be converted directly to X-radiation. The shortest wavelength of X-Rays Characteristic spectrum nuclear k L M Exciting inter electron The wavelength of line spectrum only depending the element made up target and are independence of the tube voltage. So it’s called the characteristic spectrum. High speed electron n 5 4 3 2 1 O N M L K M M L L L K K K K 1. The intensity of X-Rays I =? nihfi ? Nx? Ne? i(mA) 2. The hardness of X-Rays The hardness means the penetrating ability of X-Rays which depends on the wavelength of X-Ray or the energy of X-radiation. Tube voltage U? ve? hf 14.3 The Intensity and Hardness of X-Rays 14.4 The Absorption of X-Ray 0 I0 I x dx Let The thickness of matter which absorbs an half of intensity of X-Ray is called half value layer x1/2 Ex.2: Given: x1/2=2cm, X-ray?x=8cm, Find: I/I0=? Solution: I/I0= (1/2)8/2=1/16 In medicine: 1. Fluoroscopy 2. Roentgenography 3. Computed radiography 4. Digital radiography 7. X-Ray computed tomography 6. Digital subtraction angiography 5. Contrast medium