icho（国际化学奥林匹克竞赛）考试大纲.doc

SYLLABUS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD Part I Theoretical part Level 1: These topics are included in the overwhelming majority of secondary school chemistry programs and need not be mentioned in the preparatory problems. Level 2: These topics are included in a substantial number of secondary school programs and maybe used without exemplification in the preparatory problems. Level 3: These topics are not included in the majority of secondary school programs and can only be used in the competition if examples are given in the preparatory problems. 1. The atom 原子结构 1.1. Introduction 1.1.1. Counting of nucleons 原子核序数 1 1.1.2. Isotopes 同位素 1 1.2. The hydrogen atom 1.2.1. Concept of energy levels 能级的概念 1 1.2.2. Shape of s-orbitals s轨道的形状 1 1.2.3. Shape and orientation of p-orbitals p轨道的形状和取向 1 1.2.4. Shape and orientation of d-orbitals d轨道的形状和取向 3 1.2.5. Understanding the simplest Schrodinger equation 3 1.2.6. Square of the wave function and probability 波函数的平方和几率 3 1.2.7. Quantum numbers (n, l, ml) 3 1.3. Radioactivity 放射性 1.3.1. Types of radioactivity 1 1.3.2. Radioactive decay 放射性衰变 1 1.3.3. Nuclear reactions 核反应 2 2. Chemical bonding 化学键 2.1. VSEPR – Simple molecular structures with 2.1.1. no more than four electron pairs about central atom 1 2.1.2. with central atom exceeding the “octet rule” 八隅律 3 2.2. Delocalization and resonance 离域和共振 3 2.3. Hybrid orbital theory 杂化轨道理论 3 2.4. Molecular orbital theory 分子轨道理论 2.4.1. molecular orbital diagram (H2 molecule) 3 2.4.2. molecular orbital diagram (N2 and O2 molecules) 3 2.4.3. bond orders in O2, O2–, O2+ 3 2.4.4. unpaired electrons and paramagnetism 未成对电子和顺磁性 3 3. Chemical calculations 3.1.1. Balancing equations 1 3.1.2. Stoichiometric calculations 1 3.1.3. Mass and volume relations (including density) 1 3.1.4. Empirical formula 实验式 1 3.1.5. Avogadro’s number 1 3.1.6. Concentration calculations 浓度计算 1 4. Periodic trends 周期律 4.1.