城市规划 外文翻译 1000多字英文。.docVIP

Fatal Remedies棗The Sources of Ineffectiveness in Planning That we learn by our mistakes is an axiom of the rational model of urban and regional planning稦eedback procedures should , in theory ,result in the prompt amendment or abandonment of policies that prove to be ineffective .In the longer term ,at the national level ,widespread and rigorous appraisal should permit the codification of sources of planning failure and generate a more sensitive and informed understanding ,by professionals ,governments and the community at large ,of the possibilities of planning and the limits of government稡oth individual plans and planning systems can be subject to this kind of monitoring .In neither case does practice live up to theory . As far as individual plans ae concerned , the review process is usually moe casual than formal , if it occurs at all . Planning agencies tend to review and revise their work irregularly , in accordance with political priorities, or in response to a cacophony of complaints by vested interests including other government instrumentalities . The latter occasions often represent a kind of planning epilogue which has the merit of resolving politically contentious questions avoided earlier in plan preparation . Few planning organisations have the resources, time , or inclination for systematic or continuous performance evaluation . Whether by intention or by default ,planning is typically carried on as a disjointed incremental; process . Third party appraisal , often comprising academic analyses of policy effectiveness , is sometimes more wide ranging ,though ,and impartial . However , few local plans are subject to detailed independent appraisal Even where policy appraisal is conducted with considerable analytical rigour , as was the case with Moore and Rhodes 1977 evaluation of British regional policy ,the outcome is moe ingenious than convincing .In the case cited , difficulties in defining policy ,policy conflicts and shifts ,the opennes