国际法精品教学（邵沙平）Subjects of international law-personality.pptVIP

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国际法精品教学（邵沙平）Subjects of international law-personality.ppt

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Subjects of International Law Legal Personality Legal Personality In every legal system? certain entities are considered as possessing “rights” and “duties” enforceable at law Exp: an individual may prosecute or may be prosecuted for assault A company can sue for breach of a contract Law recognizes these actors as “legal persons”?? capacity to have and maintain certain rights + capacity to perform specific duties In domestic law? individuals, companies, institutions, associations, foundations? each possesses distinct legal personality International Legal Personality This is a “relative phenomenon”? changing with circumstances It is participation plus with some community acceptance There are different criteria in determining subjects/persons of int law: 1- Capacity to enjoy rights deriving from int law (customary rules)?both individuals, states, int org. 2- Capacity to make legal transactions at int law level? treaties? states int org. 3- Capacity to invoke responsibility of others at international level? both individuals, states, int org. 4- Capacity to be held liable (responcible) for its acts at international level? both individuals (int criminal responsibility), states, int org. 5- Capacity to ask diplomatic immunities for its representatives?? both states and int org. International Legal Personality Conclusion: States and int org. has int legal personality while individuals have limited international legal personality (passive/subjects)? passive in the sense of determining rules of int law NOT all states and int org has same int legal personality: States with limited authority (ROC, Bosnia, Switzerland) Federal states and their constituent units/capacity to conclude treaties/sue others before courts (limited personality)? dispute in Cyprus Int organizations: “Functional legal personality” International Legal Personality Int organizations: “Functional legal personality” int org. enjoy int rights and duties appropriate for their functions They are not sovereign?