美国刑事司法制度V police.pptVIP

Police - Introduction English roots Eras of American policing Organization of police Police styles and functions Police actions Policing Eras in the United States Political Era (1840-1920) Professional Era (1920-1970) Community Model Era (1970-Present) Political Era (1840-1920) Close ties between police and political machines Function as watchman – keep troublesome classes under control Broad discretion for beat cops Professional Era (1920-1970) Progressive reform movement Two primary goals Break link between police and politics Make police more professional and improve services to poor The broken windows theory is a criminological theory of the norm setting and signaling effects of urban disorder and vandalism on additional crime and anti-social behavior. The theory states that monitoring and maintaining urban environments in a well-ordered condition may stop further vandalism as well as an escalation into more serious crime. The theory was introduced in a 1982 article by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. Since then it has been subject to great debate both within the social sciences and in the public debate. The theory has been used as a motivation for several reforms in criminal policy. Organization of Police in the US Federal Agencies State County Municipal Styles of Policing Watchman style Legalistic 尊重法律的style Service style Domestic Dispute Policy Change in policy Results of studies vary Threat of lawsuits Quick Check * Early English Police:The Frankpledge System Families banded together团结起来 for protection. People raised the “hue and cry” 追捕犯人的叫喊声to warn others of trouble and to pursue criminals. Tithings 征十一税were formed (10 families). All males over the age of 12 Tithing fined for non-performance违约 The Constable Watch System: 13th Century More formal than the pledge system. Employed watchmen to protect property against fire and robbery. Justice of the peace established and given judicial duties. Constables served as assistants to justi