MRI相关基础内容.ppt

Various schemes have been proposed for suppressing motion artifacts（伪影） in MRI. Table 24-1 lists several of these techniques. Methods of motion suppression may be divided into three groups: techniques that suppress motion in the patient, those that make novel use of scan data to remove the effects of motion, and the use of faster pulsing schemes;Suppression of Motion of Patient抑制病人运动;Removal of Effects of Motion移除运动的影响;;Fast Scanning Techniques快速扫描技术;Half-Fourier Technique; In diamagnetic substances, virtually all electrons are paired, so interactions with external magnetic fields are minimized. In fact, diamagnetic substances actually repel an external magnetic field, albeit weakly. The repulsion is due to an induced magnetic field in the electron orbital. 在抗磁性物质,几乎所有电子配对,所以与外部磁场的相互作用最小化。事实上,抗磁性物质排斥外部磁场,即使比较弱。排斥是由于在电子轨道的感应磁场。 Such an induced field opposes the field that induced it (Lenz’s law). Approximately 99% of biologic tissues are diamagnetic.这种感应磁场反对诱导它产生的磁场 (楞次定律)。大约有99%的生物组织是抗磁性。 ;Paramagnetic contrast agents contain unpaired electrons. They develop their own magnetic fields by tumbling in solution at some fraction of the Larmor frequency. The tumbling creates alternating magnetic fields that affect precessing nuclei. An interaction between the unpaired electrons and the precessing nuclei increases the rate of relaxation of neighboring protons, and the presence of variations in the magnetic field introduced by the paramagnetic agent increases dephasing. Thus, both T1 and T2 are shortened by the presence of a paramagnetic agent. ;Only a small fraction, less than 0.5%, of the body’s tissues are naturally paramagnetic. Paramagnetic agents may be added to enhance relaxation and provide a mechanism for contrast enhancement. Thus, paramagnetic contrast agents are not imaged directly in MRI. Instead, the presence of the agent influences the appearance of the image.; ferromagnetic ;Functional MRI (FMRI);BOLD效应：fMRI是基于神经元功能活动对局部氧耗量和脑血流影响程度不匹配所导致的局部磁场性质变化的原理。血红蛋白包括含