健康与疾病素材.docVIP

健康与疾病 1.艾滋 加强警醒和教育enhancing AIDS awareness and education 艾滋的蔓延 an ADIS epidemic 2．人类基因组计划 human genome research 3．the bioethics（生物伦理学）of gene therapies（基因治疗）、euthanasia（安乐死） 4．卫生保健 (provide) health care 5．疾病的影响更小 the incidence of …disease is lower than… 6．预防疾病 prevent the disease 教育 1．州比联邦更具自主权 Individual states—rather than the federal government—have primary authority over public education in the United States. In 1794 New York became the first state to establish a board of regents to oversee public education. Eventually, every state developed a department of education and enacted laws regulating finance, the hiring of school personnel, student attendance, and often curriculum. Until the 20th century the degree of regulation varied enormously from state to state. 费用地方资助 Public schools have also relied heavily on local property taxes to meet the vast majority of school expenses. In contrast, countries like France, Germany, and Japan have school systems that are financed and regulated on the national level. 2．Centralizing Tendencies As greater numbers of Americans enrolled in schools during the 20th century, education became a powerful social and economic force. 这句改一改可以放在教育类文章的开头当作背景。 Efforts to increase the size and efficiency of public schools led to the creation of more centralized school systems. To bring order and efficiency to school systems, American educators had already developed standardized mechanisms of school organization by the end of the 19th century. For example, class placement was determined by a student’s age, each class period was a specified length, and students graduated after a specified number of years in attendance. 3．教师的规范培养（师范学校、机构）Also by 1900 specialized teacher training institutions called normal schools were well established, and many had already become four-year degree-granting colleges. Institutions that provided training for teachers developed expertise that often led to standardized practices, rangi