走向宜居——北京人居环境的变迁.doc

北京全面介绍之书之部分章节：北京的建筑 Chapter III Growing to Perfect Residence: Changes of Beijingers Dwelling Environment Chapter III Part 28 General: Beijings Residence Is Like a River, Beijing citys folk housing has been characterized by the imperial capital ever since Yuan and Ming dynasties: the single-story building made of grey bricks and tiles, and the siheyuan (courtyard with buildings on four sides), serve as a proper background for the lofty mansions of the royal residences；Along with the change of the theme of the times, Beijings folk houses are also changing their style... From Single-story Building to Storied House In the Yuan Dynasty, there was poet saying：Above, there is an ocean of clouds and mist; below, there are one million folk houses. As early as the Yuan Dynasty, there were already one million folk houses，and they have formed the present housing complexes called Siheyuan (courtyard with buildings on four sides). Since the Yuan Dynasty set its capital in Beijing and began to build its capital here, siheyuan and hutong (alley) have appeared one after another. Since Ming and Qing dynasties, this quincunxial basic pattern has already been formed, and has been growing more and more perfect with time. The so-called siheyuan is such a pattern of building: houses are built on all four sides, forming a courtyard in the middle, suitable for one household to live, characterized by a high degree of privacy. The house facing the south is called main house，those on both sides are called wing-rooms，and those facing the north are called daozuo (backward rooms). Generally speaking，the main house is high and big, with good lighting and ventilation，being the place for the patriarch；Sons and daughters live in the wing-rooms；The backward rooms are usually used as guest hall or study. Such a siheyuan has a spacious and bright yard，independent houses on all four sides, and a porch linking the houses together, so, it is very convenient for living. Within the yard, there are green