西方文明史复习资料_2.doc

西方文明史复习资料 备注:所有名词解释和论述题第二题各带中文，英文翻译是百度翻译而来，肯定有语法错误，请注意！ 名词解释： 文艺复兴（Renaissance） 文艺复兴是14世纪在意大利各城市兴起，16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了现代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。马克思主义史学家认为是封建主义时代和资本主义时代的分界。The Renaissance was fourteenth Century the rise in Italy City, an ideological and cultural movement that flourished in Europe in sixteenth Century, brought a period of revolution of science and art, opened a prelude to modern European history, is considered to be the middle ages and modern dividing line. Marxs historians believe is the division between the age of feudalism and capitalism era. 启蒙运动（Enlightenment） 启蒙运动是发生在17、18世纪欧洲的一场反封建、反教会的资产阶级思想文化解放运动，它为资产阶级革命作了思想准备和舆论宣传，是继文艺复兴运动之后欧洲近代第二次思想解放运动。The Enlightenment was occurred in 17 in Europe in eighteenth Century, an anti feudal, anti church bourgeois ideology liberation movement, the bourgeois revolution made ideological preparation and propaganda, is following the Renaissance of modern European second ideological liberation movement. 光荣革命（Glorious Revolution） 1688年英国资产阶级和新贵族发动的一次政变。1685年詹姆士二世即位后，企图恢复天主教会和专制统治，遭到人民反对。资产阶级和新贵族害怕人民运动再度兴起，便向封建贵族妥协，邀请詹姆士二世的长女玛丽和她丈夫、荷兰执政威廉来英国当女王和国王，詹姆士二世被迫逃亡。玛丽和威廉即位后批准国会提出的《权利法案》，从而确立了君主立宪制。由于这次政变没有引起内战，所以资产阶级史学家称之为“不流血革命”或“光荣革命”。（下面是翻译） A coup in 1688 the British bourgeoisie and new nobility launched. In 1685 James S came to the throne, in an attempt to restore the Catholic Church and autocratic rule, was against the people. The bourgeoisie and new nobility is afraid of peoples movement to rise again, the feudal aristocracy compromise, invited James Ss daughter Marie and her husband William, Hollands ruling to Britain when the queen and the king, James S was forced to flee. Marie and William ascended the throne after the approval of Congress bill of rights, which established the constitutional monarchy. Because of the coup did not cause a civil war, so bourgeois historians called the bloodless revolution or the glorious revolution. 地理大发现（Geographical disco