油脂Lipids.ppt

systems * * * * Breakdown of fat or oil by water (with a catalyst) * * * * * Phosphatidylcholines are the most common phosphoglycerides in our tissues. Phospholipids found in cell membrane, the brain, nervous tissue and liver. CELL MEMBRANES Biological Membranes Every cell has a cell membrane. Molecular basis of membrane structure is in the lipid component(s): polar head groups are in contact with the aqueous environment Non-polar tails are buried within the bilayer the major force driving the formation of lipid bilayers is hydrophobic interaction the arrangement of hydrocarbon tails in the interior can be rigid (if rich in saturated fatty acids) or fluid (if rich in unsaturated fatty acids) Lipid Bilayers The polar surface of the bilayer contains charged groups The hydrophobic tails lie in the interior of the bilayer Water and neutral non-polar molecules can pass through the cell membrane. There are large molecules (proteins) that are embedded in the membrane that can carry across the membrane, molecules that cannot pass through by diffusion. allows transfer of molecules from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration – active transport Proteins Can be Anchored to Membranes Sphingolipids Contain sphingosine, a long-chain amino alcohol not glycerol. Found in plants and animals Abundant in nervous system Structural similarity to phospholipids A ceramide is formed by joining a fatty acid in amide linkage to a sphingosine. A ceramide with a phosphocholine head group is a choline sphingomyelin. Another Type of Sphingolipid - Glycolipid A ceramide with a single sugar is a cerebroside. Steroids Steroids: a group of lipids that have fused-ring structure of 3 six-membered rings, and 1 five-membered ring. Heart disease and high blood pressure can result from deposits of cholesterol in the arteries atherosclerosis – ‘hardening of the arteries’ Cholesterol also present in gall stones. * * “Like dissolves like” The non-polar end dissolves greasy dirt