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0课件-Igneous Rocks, Intrusive Activity, and the Origin of Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rocks Rock Cycle – describes the way the earth recycles itself over time Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks – crystallize from magma (molten rock) Extrusive (volcanic) – fine-grained forming on surface of earth Intrusive (plutonic) – coarse-grained forming beneath earth’s surface Plutonic Rocks Evidence for magmatic origin of intrusive rocks 1.?Plutonic rocks are mineralogically and chemically identical to volcanic rocks. 2.?Volcanic rocks are fine-grained indicating rapid cooling, plutonic rocks are coarse-grained indicating slow cooling. Plutonic Rocks Evidence for magmatic origin of intrusive rocks (cont’d) 3.?Experimental evidence indicates high temperatures and/or high pressures are needed to form observed minerals. Plutonic Rocks Evidence for magmatic origin of intrusive rocks (cont’d) 4.?Contacts between plutonic rocks and country rock are observed. These include ”Baked” zones, and ”Chill zones” along contacts between plutonic and country rocks. 5. “Xenoliths” Pieces of country rock are found in plutonic rocks Plutonic Rocks Igneous rock textures – range from very fine-grained to very coarse-grained (pegmatites) Plutonic Rocks Igneous rocks are classified according to the grain size, mineralogy, and chemical composition Plutonic Rocks Intrusive igneous structures – based on 1.?Size - Is the intrusion large or small? 2.?Shape - Does the intrusion have a particular geometric shape? 3.?Depth of formation - Did the intrusion form at great depths or was it shallow (2 km)? 4.?Orientation - Does the intrusion follow layering in the intruded county rock? Plutonic Rocks Intrusive igneous structures : Volcanic neck - solidified throat of old volcano Plutonic Rocks Intrusive igneous structures Dike - tabular, discordant, intrusive structure Sill - tabular, concordant, intrusive structure Plutonic Rocks Intrusive igneous structures Diapirs – magma that moves up through crust Pluton - magma that crystallized deep within the crust (classified based on size):
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