环境能源导论-生物质能源-微藻炼油.doc

第一章—导论 能源：自然界赋存的已经查明和推定的能够提供热、光、动力和电能等各种形式的能量来源。包括一次能源和二次能源。 能源：energy source 能量资源：energy resource 储量：reserves 指在现有经济条件下，利用现有技术可以最大限度生产出来的已知资源量。 Importance of sustainable energy Thesis: sustainable energy is essential to the long term well being of human society. 1、Energy enables the leveraging human capabilities [10 servants in China, 100 servants in The US] and meeting human material needs: food ,water, shelter, health etc 2、World population is growing and the energy needs per person are also growing. Traditional cheap and ready supplies are becoming really or politically scarcer, leading to conflicts, shortages, suffering, wars, etc. 3、The threats to human society embodied in pursuing current trends include: -environmental security – pollution, climate change - anthro driven -economic security- massive wealth transfers, widening rich-poor gaps.. -physical security-political, military conflicts over resources. 4、To begin and to set the stage let’s look at: - global distribution of total energy uses by nation -trends in usage as societies grow and prosper -distribution of source, use and efficiencies 5、This will frame some questions and technical and societal issues that we will address in this course. 单位 1桶原油＝5800立方英尺天然气（按平均热值计算） 1千克原油＝1.4286千克标准煤 1立方米天然气＝1.3300千克标准煤 1Btu(英热单位)=1055J=252cal=0.000293KWh(千瓦小时) 1桶油=42加仑=42*3.785升=158.97升 1美加仑=3.785011355034升 1英加仑=4.545454545454升 美制1加仑=231立方英寸 英制1加仑=277.42立方英寸 Quad : quadrillion的缩写：能量单位，1库德相当于2400百万公吨石油) 油当量（oil equivalent）=9000Kcal/liter 吨油当量toe：ton oil equivalent 1toe=4000万英热单位 吨煤当量tce：ton coal equivalent 1tce=2778万英热单位 MCF：thousand cubic feet BOPD（桶/天）barrels of oil per day (barrels of production per day) 中国能源 煤炭： 2010年全球生产煤炭72.73亿吨，2009年，全国煤炭产量达到29.73亿吨，接近30亿吨，比2005年增加了7.68亿吨，年均增长1.92亿吨。2010年消费32.5亿吨煤，进口达1.46亿吨。煤炭液化、煤制天然气、煤制烯烃、煤炭地下气化（？）等示范工程也稳步推进。比如在包头的60万吨煤制烯烃项目和在宁夏的宁东煤制烯烃项目均已投产，神华集团在内蒙古100万吨煤炭直接液化的生产线也运行正常。 石油：2007年全球生产石油36.1805亿吨，2010年原油产量首次突破2亿吨。原油进口2.39亿吨，增长17.5%。原油加工量达4.23亿吨，增长13.4%。全年汽油产量