有机化学课件2 Organic Compounds.ppt

* * The nature of ring strain 环张力的种类 Angle strain Torsional strain Steric strain Bond length strain * Conformations of Cyclohexane The chair conformation(椅式构象) of cyclohexane ring is free of angle strain and torsional strain * How to Draw Cyclohexane * Axial and Equatorial Bonds in Cyclohexane(环己烷上的a-键和 e-键) The chair conformation has two kinds of positions for substituents on the ring: axial positions and equatorial positions Chair cyclohexane has six axial(a-, 竖,直立) hydrogens perpendicular to the ring (parallel to the ring axis) and six equatorial(e-,横,平伏) hydrogens near the plane of the ring * Drawing the Axial and Equatorial Hydrogens * 2.9 Conformational Mobility of Cyclohexane Chair conformations readily interconvert, resulting in the exchange of axial and equatorial positions by a ring-flip (环翻转). * * Conformations of monosubstituted cyclohexanes 单取代环己烷的构象 * Conformational analysis of disubstituted cyclohexanes * Stable conformation is the chair that has large substituent in an equatorial orientation. * Boat conformation船式 * Conformations of polycyclic and spirocyclic molecules稠（多）环和螺环分子的构象 * * * CHAPTER 2 Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry * 2.1 Definition Alkanes are organic molecules consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by Single ? bonds. All the carbons are tetrahedral and sp3 hybridized. Alkanes are stable molecules and unreactive to most chemical reagents. They have the general formula CnH2n+2 2.1.1 Alkanes 2.1.2 Cycloalkanes Cycloalkanes are cyclic alkane structures. They have the general formula CnH2n. Most cycloalkanes are unreactive to chemical reagents. However, Three- and four-membered rings are reactive due to ring strain and behave like alkenes. * Names of straight-chain alkanes * Some straight-chain alkyl groups * **Types of Alkyl groups Classified by the connection site a carbon at the end of a chain [primary(伯) alkyl group] a carbon i