2012年8月19日托福阅读真题.docxVIP

2012年8月19日托福阅读真题智课网整理考试日期2012.08.19Passage 1Title:the first eye大致内容眼睛的进化史，有个时期（P开头）的动物化石非常少，导致没有证据证明眼睛的进化，直到哪一处出土的化石极具重要性，发现眼睛其实进化很长时间了。Passage 2Title:古代的石头工具和陶器大致内容考古学家通过自己做工具来解释古代工具上的mark, 虽然能解读一些，但仍然很ambiguous（词汇题，选more than one meaning）。后来出现了陶器，而且是在很多地方出现，各个地方的陶器有不同的意义，有的象征财富和地位，有的用于宗教等等。扩展阅读Chinese PotteryChina has one of the worlds oldest continuous civilizations—despite invasions and occasional foreign rule. A country as vast as China with so long-lasting a civilization has a complex social and visual history, within which pottery and porcelain play a major role.The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors, or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types—earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain—for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels