物理学岩石与土壤放射性测量.docVIP

岩石与土壤放射性测量 （理学院物理系 物理学） 摘 要 盖革根据射线能使气体电离的性质制成一种计数管称为盖革—米勒计数管。用盖革—米勒计数管检测自然源的放射性水平，当带电粒子射入计数管的气体中，在离子增值的过程中，受激原子退激，发射紫外光子，这些光子射到阴极上产生光电子，光电子向阳极漂移，又引起离子增值，于是在管中形成自激放电，引起“雪崩”放电。一个带电粒子进入计数管，可以引起一次放电过程而产生一个电压脉冲信号而被记录。如果被探测的是γ射线，可以利用γ射线穿入计数管壁或金属阴极时，产生的次级带电粒子如光电子等进入计数管引起电离并产生输出脉冲。测量采用FH－408自动定标器、高压电源、G-M计数管、前置放大器等仪器组成计数器对石头和土壤等自然源进行放射水平测量，通过对比归纳总结得出其放射性水平。 关键词：近代物理、核探测技术及应用、盖革—米勒计数器 Abstract According to Geiger ray can make the gas ionization properties into a tube called the Geiger - Miller counter tube. Geiger - Miller counter tube detecting natural source of radioactivity level, when charged particles into the counter tube gas, ion in the value-added process, stimulated deexcitation, emission of ultraviolet photon, the photon beam to the cathode to anode photoelectron generating photoelectrons, drift, and cause the ions in value, then formed in a tube self discharge, causing avalanche discharge. A charged particles into the counter, can cause a discharge process and produces a voltage pulse signal is recorded. If the detected is ray, can use gamma ray penetration counter tube wall or a metal cathode, the secondary charged particles such as photoelectron counting tube to cause ionization and produces an output pulse. Measurements using FH408automatic scaler, high-voltage power supply, G-M counter, a preamplifier apparatus comprising counter for rock and soil and other natural sources of radiation level measurement, by comparing the summary of the radioactive level .Key words: Modern Physics, nuclear detection technology and application, Geiger - Miller counter 目录 1 引言…………………………………………………………………1 2 测量原理与仪器组建………………………………………………1 2.1 G-M计数管的结构与工作原理………………………………1 2.2 G-M计数管的特性……………………………………………3 2.3仪器组建………………………………………………………5 3 测量过程……………………………………………………………5 3.1仪器的调整……………………………………………………5 3.2 坪曲线的测量…………………………………………………6 3.3 样本的测量……………………………………………………7 3.4样本平均数与本底的对比……………………………………8 4 分析与讨论…………………………………………………………9 4.1 注意事项………………………………………………………9 4.2 干扰分析……………