高级宏观经济学课件 3PPT.ppt

* * CHAPTER 3NEW GROWTH THEORY SOME BASIC INFORMATION (1)If r=f (k), and αk is modest, then capital accumulation cannot account for a large part of either long-run or cross-country income differences. (2)The effectiveness of labor (A) is the only determinant of income, whose behavior is taken as exogenous. (3)The effectiveness of labor (A) is explicitly interpreted as knowledge, and knowledge accumulation is endogenous. (4) Knowledge accumulation is probably central to worldwide growth. (5)Much of the variation in income across countries comes from differences in output for given amounts of physical and human capital. Part A Research and Development Models §3.1 Framework and Assumptions Assumptions (1)The effectiveness of labor (A) represents knowledge or technology, there are two sectors, an RD sector; a goods-producing sector. (2)Two other major simplifications: First, both the RD and goods production function are C-D function; second, the model takes the s, αK and αL as exogenous and constant. Assumptions (3) Fraction ak of the capital stock is used in the RD sector and fraction 1- ak in the goods-producing sector; fraction aL of the labor force is used in the RD sector and fraction 1- aL in the goods-producing sector. (4)The quantity of output produced at time t is thus: 物质生产部门的生产函数 知识生产部门的生产函数 知识生产部门的生产函数取消了报酬不变的假定， 因而可能存在报酬递减或报酬递增两种可能性。 The parameter θ reflects the effect of the existing stock of knowledge on the success of RD Taking logs of both sides, then differentiating the two sides with respect to time t, yields: θ1 or θ1 or θ=1 · The dynamics of the growth rate of knowledge when θ1 Case 1 θ1 Case 1 θ＞1,报酬递增 由3.9式知,此时的技术进步速度越来越快 经济增长速度也越来越快 这就解释了发达国家的增长路径 Case 1 θ=1的情形 §3.3 The General Case （一）资本存量的变化（△K） (1)当 (2)当 （二）知识的变化（△A） （三）经济增长的路径 Case 1：β+θ1的情形 Case 2：β+θ＞1的情形 Case 3：β+θ=1的情形 n §3.4 Learning by Doing K有产出效应 K有技术效应 §3.5 在知识积累过程中储蓄率的内生性 假定Φ=1，n=0 1、资本的边际生产力 2、劳动的边际生产力 3、消费的增长率 从CHAPTER 2知： 4、储蓄率 储蓄率内生的表达式 §3.6 增长理论的中心问题