土木工程专业英语第4章 测量工程学.pptVIP

4 Surveying Engineering（测量工程学） 4.1 Introduction Surveying is one of the oldest activities of the civil engineer, and remains a primary component of civil engineering. It is also one field that continues to undergo phenomenal changes due to technological developments in digital imaging and satellite positioning. These modern surveying tools are not only revolutionizing regular surveying engineering tasks but are also impacting a myriad of applications in a variety of fields where near-real-time positioning is of great value. Surveying and engineering are closely related professional activities. The area of surveying and mapping is in many countries a discipline by itself, and taken in total, it is almost as broad in scope as civil engineering. In the U.S., surveying engineering has been historically allied to civil engineering. Engineering surveying is defined as those activities involved in the planning and execution of surveys for the location, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of civil and other engineered projects. Such activities include the preparation of survey and related mapping specifications; execution of photogrammetric and field surveys for the collection of required data, including topographic and hydrographic data; calculation, reduction, and plotting of survey data for use in engineering design; design and provision of horizontal and vertical control survey networks; provision of line and grade and other layout work for construction and mining activities; execution and certification of quality control measurements during construction; monitoring of ground and structural stability, including alignment observations, settlement levels, and related reports and certifications; measurement of material and other quantities for inventory, economic assessment, and cost accounting purposes; execution of as-built surveys and preparation of related maps and plans and profiles upon completion of construction; and analysis of errors and tolerances